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Deep in the tropical rainforest of far north Queensland lives a bird that looks dragged forward from another age: the cassowary. An ancient silhouette, glossy black feathers, sharp claws and a helmet of tough skin all make this giant one of the most unmistakable animals on the continent — and one of the most memorable meetings you can have in the bush, as our guide to Australian animals explains. Here are the essential facts about the cassowary. What Is a Cassowary? The cassowary is a huge, flightless bird — a ratite, the ancient dynasty of giant ground birds. Its most famous feature is the tall brown casque on the top of the head, a helmet of keratin whose purpose scientists still debate. Below the casque, the bare skin of the neck glows brilliant blue and red, with two bright red wattles swinging from the throat. The rest is a coat of coarse, hair-like strands — not soft plumage — a muscular neck, and three forward-facing toes on each foot. The Three Species of Cassowary There are three cassowary species worldwide, and Australia hosts just one. Southern cassowaries are the biggest: the nominate race found from the Wet Tropics to New Guinea. The northern cassowary roams the lowlands of New Guinea and Papua New Guinea, recognised by its single orange neck patch, while the dwarf cassowary haunts the mountain tropical forests, smaller and darker than both. Among the world's giant ground birds — ostriches and emus included (read our emu facts guide) — the southern cassowary ranks as the third largest bird on Earth and the second-heaviest bird on the planet. Big females stand about 1.8 metres tall and can weigh around 60 kilograms. A Living Dinosaur? With their casque, reptilian feet and booming voice, cassowaries are often called feathered relics. They are not part of that extinct dynasty, of course — they belong to an ancient family of modern birds that split from other lineages tens of millions of years ago, retaining a dinosaur-like appearance that earns them the title of the world's most spectacular living fossil among birds. Their deep, rumbling calls even sit at the edge of human hearing, closer to the grumble of distant thunder than the song of a typical bird species. The Most Dangerous Bird on Earth That title is earned, not invented. Each inner toe carries a straight, dagger-shaped claw up to 12 centimetres long, and muscular, powerful legs can kick with enough force to kill a dog or, very rarely, inflict fatal wounds on a person. Normally shy, the birds attack when cornered, provoked or — most often — when people get between a father and his chicks. Respect them, keep your distance, and the experience is perfectly safe. The species sits alongside estuarine crocodiles and deadly snakes among the north's most formidable wildlife. The Rainforest Gardener Cassowary feeding is dominated by fruit: they swallow rainforest fruits whole, then wander off and deposit the seeds far from the parent tree. A single dropping can hold hundreds of seeds, and because the cassowary’s digestive system is surprisingly gentle, most of those seeds still germinate. Scientists call it seed dispersal, and it is why cassowaries play a vital role as gardeners of the rainforest: plants like the cassowary plum rely on the bird almost entirely to regenerate. But the service goes further than rainforest plants. Cassowaries disperse the seeds of more than 100 plant species, walk long distances between feed trees, and even carry fungus spores between feeding areas. Some species of rainforest tree germinate best after passing through the bird. Few animals anywhere are so important to their habitat. Love, Eggs and Single Dads Outside the breeding season, cassowaries are solitary, and males patrol fixed home ranges of a few square kilometres. Mating changes everything: the female lays three to five enormous avocado-green eggs in a scrape of leaf litter, and then simply leaves. The male stays to incubate the eggs for about fifty days without straying, then raises the family alone. Cassowary chicks hatch in striped brown camouflage, and the young birds stay with their father for up to nine months, learning which fruits are safe to eat. Cassowary Conservation It is estimated that only around 4,000 cassowaries survive in the wild in Queensland. In Queensland the southern cassowary is listed as an endangered species, and it remains a threatened species nationally. The main pressures are habitat loss as tropical forest is cleared, vehicle strikes on roads through their range, dog attacks and pigs raiding nests. The conservation program now brings together the Wet Tropics Management Authority, traditional owners, councils and volunteers — and the endangered southern cassowary is today one of the great symbols of the tropical north. Spotting a cassowary in the wild at Mission Beach, where the rainforest runs down to the sea, is one of the great Australian wildlife experiences. Are Cassowaries Related to Dinosaurs? No — but the resemblance is honest. Their lineage belongs to the palaeognaths, the most ancient branch of the bird family tree, which kept a body plan the deep past would recognise: heavy body, strong legs, no true flight. How Fast Can Cassowaries Run? Up to 50 km/h through dense undergrowth — at full tilt they are faster than any human, weaving between buttress roots without slowing. How High Can Cassowaries Jump? High enough to clear a fence over a metre tall from a standstill, with the same leg strength that makes their kicks dangerous. Can Cassowaries Fly? No. Cassowaries are flightless: cassowary feathers have lost their stiff interlocking structure, leaving hair-like strands useless for flight, and the wings themselves are reduced to a few quills. Are Cassowaries Dangerous? They can be. Documented attacks are rare and almost always involve people feeding, cornering or chasing them. Give a wild cassowary space and it will usually vanish into the dense rainforest long before you arrive. Where Can You See a Cassowary in the Wild? Etty Bay, Mission Beach and the Daintree region of far north Queensland are the classic spots — go early, stay quiet, and never approach or feed one. Near Mission Beach the rainforest meets the Great Barrier Reef, making it one of the few places on Earth where two World Heritage wonders collide. Did Aboriginal People Eat Cassowary? Yes — the bird has long been a traditional food and ceremonial animal for the Aboriginal peoples of the tropical coast, who also used its feathers and bones in ornament and tool making. Today it is fully protected by law. Why Do Cassowaries Have a Casque? Theories include pushing through dense undergrowth, amplifying their deep calls, and social display — and a little head protection when sprinting through the scrub. It is likely all of these at once. How Long Do Cassowaries Live? Wild birds reach 20 to 30 years, and captives have passed 40 — long lives that make protecting each breeding adult matter even more. References and Sources Regional species profile: wettropics.gov.au State conservation listing: qld.gov.au

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